Britain must rapidly enhance its military capabilities as global adversaries gain the upper hand, experts warn. Defence strategy is complicated by the inability to predict emerging threats, while hostile states actively shape the battlefield.
Russian President Vladimir Putin, for example, has a clear understanding of the technologies and innovations his forces require, as his administration drives conflicts and grey-zone operations. Countries such as China, Iran, and North Korea pose additional threats, forcing the UK to anticipate rather than dictate military engagements.
Former UK government adviser Colonel Richard Kemp highlights the difficulty in assessing future risks:
“It’s good that the UK is investing more in defence, but predicting what’s coming is immensely difficult. We’ve poured money into technology, drone warfare, and innovation, but since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, our Army has shrunk by thousands. Time and time again, we’ve seen the need for hard-edged warfighting capability, boots on the ground, not just tech in the sky.”
Ukraine’s ongoing war demonstrates the importance of a balanced approach. While drones play a critical role in surveillance and attacks, direct combat remains a key factor. Despite advancements in long-range missile systems, hypersonic weapons, and satellite surveillance, trench warfare continues to dominate conflicts.
There is an ongoing debate about when the UK needs to be fully prepared for war. Some believe readiness is required within three years, but Kemp argues otherwise: “We need to be able to fight now. You need both innovation and technology, but also actual troops to do the war-fighting. One can’t replace the other.”
Military planners are considering future investments in tank design, air force expansion, and acquiring additional F-35B fighter jets, helicopters, and warships. Force multipliers, such as troop-carrying helicopters, are seen as essential to improving battlefield mobility and effectiveness.
The UK government has recognised the need for increased defence spending. A Strategic Defence Review, led by Lord George Robertson, has assessed the security landscape and welcomed the decision to raise defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2027, with a longer-term goal of 3% in the next Parliament.
“Increasing Defence spending is a vital part of ensuring the nation can realise the ambition set out in the Strategic Defence Review,” the report states. The review emphasises NATO partnerships and the importance of defence as both a security priority and an economic driver.
As geopolitical tensions rise, the UK must act decisively to ensure its military remains robust. While technological advancements are crucial, maintaining a strong, well-equipped force is essential to national security.
