The war in Iran is driving an increasingly visible rift between the United States and its European allies, with tensions now threatening to undermine unity within NATO.
US President Donald Trump has sharply criticised several European nations for refusing to support US-Israeli military operations, accusing long-standing allies of failing to stand with Washington during the month-long conflict.
Earlier this month, Trump described some NATO partners as “cowards”, and on Tuesday he renewed his criticism, targeting countries that declined to assist in recent strikes.
France has been at the centre of the dispute after reportedly refusing to allow aircraft carrying military supplies to Israel to pass through its airspace. Trump publicly accused Paris of being “VERY UNHELPFUL”, while the French presidency said the decision was consistent with its policy since the conflict began on February 28.
Sources told Reuters the refusal marked the first time France had taken such a step since the start of the war. Israel’s defence ministry responded by accusing France of obstructing the transfer of munitions intended for use against Iran and announced it would halt defence procurement from France.
Italy has also been drawn into the disagreement. Reports suggested it denied permission for US military aircraft to land at the Sigonella air base in Sicily before heading to the Middle East. However, Defence Minister Guido Crosetto later denied any rift with Washington, stating that US use of bases requires specific approval outside existing agreements.
Spain has taken a firmer stance, closing its airspace to US aircraft involved in operations against Iran. Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez has been among the most vocal critics of the strikes, with Defence Minister Margarita Robles stating that Spanish bases would only be used for NATO’s collective defence.
Trump also criticised the United Kingdom, suggesting it had refused to take part in operations and urging allies affected by disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz to “buy from the US” and show greater resolve.
The growing tensions have raised wider concerns about the cohesion of NATO.
US Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth declined to reaffirm Washington’s commitment to the alliance’s principle of collective defence, stating that such decisions would ultimately rest with the president. His remarks come amid frustration in Washington over what officials describe as hesitation and restrictions from European allies on military cooperation.
NATO’s collective defence principle, established in 1949, commits member states to defend one another in the event of an attack. Analysts warn that any uncertainty around this commitment could weaken the alliance and embolden potential adversaries.
The dispute reflects broader strains in transatlantic relations since Trump’s return to office, including disagreements over trade, defence spending and foreign policy. European leaders are also closely watching US efforts to broker an end to the war in Ukraine, amid concerns about the direction of negotiations.
As the conflict in Iran continues, the divisions between Washington and its European partners are becoming increasingly pronounced, raising questions about the future strength and unity of the NATO alliance.
